The hottest superfluid and superconductor in the Universe: Discovery and nuclear physics implications. (arXiv:1303.3282v2 [hep-ph] UPDATED)

The hottest superfluid and superconductor in the Universe: Discovery and nuclear physics implications. (arXiv:1303.3282v2 [hep-ph] UPDATED):
We present recent work on using astronomical observations of neutron stars to
reveal unique insights into nuclear matter that cannot be obtained from
laboratories on Earth. First, we discuss our measurement of the rapid cooling
of the youngest neutron star in the Galaxy; this provides the first direct
evidence for superfluidity and superconductivity in the supra-nuclear core of
neutron stars. We show that observations of thermonuclear X-ray bursts on
neutron stars can be used to constrain properties of neutron superfluidity and
neutrino emission. We describe the implications of rapid neutron star rotation
rates on aspects of nuclear and superfluid physics. Finally, we show that
entrainment coupling between the neutron superfluid and the nuclear lattice
leads to a less mobile crust superfluid; this result puts into question the
conventional picture of pulsar glitches as being solely due to the crust
superfluid and suggests that the core superfluid also participates.